Half a century belonged to the richest free cities of northern Europe. Dozens of churches hiding be

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Half a century belonged to the richest free cities of northern Europe. Dozens of churches hiding beautiful Russian frescoes and icons fortified castle ranks Novgorod most important cultural monuments of mankind. On the list of the UNESCO in 1992.
History of Novgorod began in the middle of the ninth century. In marshy technika drivers region in the Russian northwest, near the river Volkhov founded the Scandinavian conquerors Varangians headed ruler Rurik settlement. According to legend was named Holmgard. technika drivers Because the area was inhabited by Slavic tribes also began her say in Russian Novgorod (novyj gorod, new city). Location of the new settlements were not chosen technika drivers randomly. The river Volkhov linked him with Ladožským lake and river Nevo further to the Baltic Sea. Nearby is Lake Ilmen Novgorod, technika drivers where the river has its origins Dnieper technika drivers flowing into the Black Sea and Volga towards the Caspian Sea. The city had over water access to shopping centers and the main north European markets Orient - Constantinople, Baghdad, and also to the sites on the Silk Road, which was transported silk and spices from faraway China. The beginnings of Scandinavian Varangians Coexistence with local Slavs was full of strife. Legends say that the credit for unification had Prince Rurik, founder of the ruling dynasty, to which the Russian rulers have reported more than seven hundred and fifty years. Rurik in Novgorod had housed since 860 AD Old Russian annals further report that the year 882 AD Rurikův follower Novgorod prince Oleg went downstream Dnieper and seized Kiev. Conquered the neighboring Slavic tribes - Drevlyans, Severjany technika drivers and Radičimiče, became lord of Novgorod and Kiev and gained technika drivers enormous power over the whole dněperskou areas. Hence the Kievan Rus, the first state formation on Russian territory. Although technika drivers Novgorod was the center of Kievan Rus, due to trade rapidly gaining in importance. In the eleventh century domination of Kiev became unbearable for the inhabitants of Novgorod. In 1136 overthrew the monarch's eldest son Kyiv Prince Vsjevoloda Mstislaviče, and founded their own independent state. In the heyday ruled territory of present-day Estonia to the Ural mountains, with a total area of more than 300,000 square kilometers. Social relationships O Novgorod sovereign state is sometimes referred to as the Republic, especially due to its peculiarities - elected rulers with the title of prince. technika drivers While in other Russian principalities, the government handed down from father to son, the prince of Novgorod was elected for a short period. The oath of the prince obligated to protect the freedom technika drivers of the city, respecting its laws that will live outside the city walls and the guard will have more than fifty men. The ruler of Novgorod was not allowed to own property, trade or provide credits. His income came from taxes collected and fines. The highest power in the state belonged to the congregation, which from time immemorial called technika drivers things (Vesco means to speak). Assembly make laws, decided to declare war, ratify the treaty and voted for the prince and his officials. Members of the Assembly could be only those who lived in the vicinity of Novgorod. Only they could hear the ringtone, which members were things called to session. The head of the elected bodies, officials were invited posadniki. Supervised the order in the city, especially to protect markets and foreign traders. Their approval was necessary for any decision made by an elected chief. Influence posadniků increased so that by 1303 in some contracts the name of the prince had not even appear. It was argued here, however, that the undersigned officers representing all the people of Novgorod. Evidence of sovereignty was the nickname the Great, under which the State acted since the end of the thirteenth century. Centrum trade Novgorod benefited from its position, richer and louder. German and Swedish merchants there took over the shipment of goods from the east. Despite Lübeck and other cities in Novgorod pouring salt, wine, beer, Flanders, English and German agents, metal products from Magdeburg and other goods. The intensity of trade evidenced by the numerous finds of coins along the trade routes. When in the Middle Ages between European me